| 631 |
Jews, Irving Cutler(
Authored Entry
) ...Jews came to Chicago from virtually every country in Europe and the Middle East, but especially from...
...even sporadic massacres. Jews began trickling into Chicago shortly after its incorporation in 1833....
...A century later Chicago's 270,000 Jews (about 9 percent of the city's population) were outnumbered...
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| 632 |
Environmental Activists, Ann Durkin Keating(
Interpretive Digital Essay (Photo Essay)
) ...Chicago Tribune Source: Chicago Historical Society (ICHi-38034) Author: Hal Dardick, Chicago Tribune...
...Source: Chicago Historical Society (ICHi-38035)...
...The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago © 2005 Chicago Historical Society. The Encyclopedia of...
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| 633 |
Poles, Dominic A. Pacyga(
Authored Entry
) ...educational, institutional, and cultural life of Chicago. Streets named Pulaski and Solidarity Drive...
...vital ethnic community because of the more than 150-year tradition of Polish immigration to Chicago....
...The traditional Polish community in Chicago, an organization-rich ethnic settlement that developed...
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| 634 |
Printing, Paul F. Gehl(
Authored Entry
) ...In the late nineteenth century, Chicago became a center for commercial printing in the United States...
...second only to New York. Chicago printers worked closely with magazine and catalog publishers; they...
...they achieved a competitive position because Chicago was the point at which zoned shipping rates for...
|
| 635 |
Ecosystem Evolution, Eric C. Grimm(
Authored Entry
) ...When Chicago's first human inhabitants arrived at the end of the last ice age, they encountered a...
...material accumulates into hilly moraines, several of which occur in the Chicago region. The starting...
...point for the development of ecosystems in the Chicago region is the retreat of the glaciers at the...
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| 636 |
Civil Rights Movements, James Ralph(
Authored Entry
) ...civil rights has been a regular feature of the Chicago scene, and African Americans have been the...
...to speak of a civil rights movement in Chicago before World War II . Unlike white immigrants,...
...Americans and voting by blacks. And even though Chicago was a center of antislavery activity, city...
|
| 637 |
Lumber, Theodore J. Karamanski(
Authored Entry
) ...meatpacking , was one of the “big three” commodities of nineteenth-century Chicago commerce. Through...
...the second half of the nineteenth century, Chicago was the world's greatest lumber market. The city...
...transportation , and population. Geography placed Chicago in close proximity to the dense forests of...
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| 638 |
Racism, Ethnicity, and White Identity, David R. Roediger(
Authored Entry
) ...Amos 'n' Andy, a show that originated in Chicago. By reinjecting racism in concluding a litany of...
...achieved the inclusion the song heralded. If Chicago history is a guide, a further reminder may be...
...black violence during the 1919 race riot in Chicago is to be believed, Irish American gangs played a...
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| 639 |
Salvadorans, Kate Caldwell(
Authored Entry
) ...20,000 and 40,000 Salvadorans lived in the Chicago area. Many dream of returning to El Salvador, but...
...prohibited by the dependence of families in Chicago and in El Salvador on the immigrants' wages....
...Chicago's Salvadoran community dates back to the late 1920s, with a steady influx of families and...
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| 640 |
Opera, Thomas Bauman(
Authored Entry
) ...Depression had a major impact on opera in Chicago, putting an end to the Civic Opera and summertime...
...companies in the 1930s. Opera was reborn in Chicago with the creation of the Lyric Opera (founded as...
...opera was slow to develop as a part of Chicago's social and cultural identity. A small visiting...
|
| 641 |
Italians, Rudolph J. Vecoli(
Authored Entry
) ...agendas. That the roots of Italian ethnicity in Chicago remain deeply buried in the soil of the...
...Despite its interior location, in 1920 Chicago was the third-ranking city in the United States,...
...immigrants and their children in metropolitan Chicago totaled 202,373, accounting for some 3 percent...
|
| 642 |
Social Service Education, Jeanne C. Marsh(
Authored Entry
) ...the end of the twentieth century, there were 4 graduate social work programs in Chicago (at Aurora...
...University , Loyola University Chicago, University...
...of Chicago, and University of Illinois at Chicago), 6 in Illinois, and more than 16 undergraduate...
|
| 643 |
Brazilians, Stephen R. Porter(
Authored Entry
) ...Chicago's early Brazilians included a small diaspora of Southern and Eastern Europeans who, after...
...restrictive American immigration laws to settle in Chicago. From the late 1940s through the...
...a handful of Portuguese Jews , gravitated toward Chicago communities representing their birthplace...
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| 644 |
Kenyans, Symon Ogeto and Tracy Steffes(
Authored Entry
) ...runners are world renowned and have been extremely successful in the LaSalle Bank Chicago Marathon ....
...The first Kenyan migration to Chicago might have occurred as early as the 1940s, when Kenyan...
...numbers of Kenyan students began arriving in Chicago, and many settled permanently because of the...
|
| 645 |
Feminist Movements, Maureen A. Flanagan(
Authored Entry
) ...Womankind, published in the early 1970s by the Chicago Women's Liberation Union; Mountain Moving,...
...newspaper,” and published briefly in the 1980s; and Catalyst: Chicago Womyn's Paper (1980). The...
...these periodicals were a manifestation of some Chicago-area feminists' desires by the late twentieth...
|
| 646 |
Mental Health, Harold M. Visotsky(
Authored Entry
) ...programs. At the end of the twentieth century, Chicago psychiatry reflected the state of American...
...In 1847, Edward Mead, a general practitioner trained in Ohio, came to Chicago and...
...founded the Chicago Retreat for the Insane. It was set afire by a patient and burned down, and it...
|
| 647 |
Restaurants, Bruce Kraig(
Authored Entry
) ...enterprises have extended outward, thus enriching Chicago's economy and its reputation for dining....
...Public dining has an important role in Chicago's social, cultural, and economic history....
...numbers of eating establishments are tied to Chicago's growth from village to city. Dining outside...
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| 648 |
Annexation, Louis P. Cain(
Authored Entry
) ...At its founding in 1837, the city of Chicago encompassed little more than 10 square miles. It was...
...elections. Over the following two decades, Chicago, like many American cities, experienced numerous...
...and tax local residents. Laid out in 1830, Chicago incorporated as a city in 1837, and by the 1870s...
|
| 649 |
State Politics, Michael J. Devine(
Authored Entry
) ...the Loop ; at the same time many downstate view Chicago, and its increasingly affluent suburbs, with...
...as their most important urban center, and root for the Cardinals rather than the Chicago Cubs ....
...center for national and international trade, Chicago has not dominated state government in Illinois....
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| 650 |
Mail Order, Mark R. Wilson(
Authored Entry
) ...Mail-order retailing became a big business in Chicago. During the half century that followed the...
...order company by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872, Chicago companies dominated the business of selling...
...the mail. Montgomery Ward and Sears, both based in Chicago, were the leaders of the early mail-order...
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